tuwuks.cc 
12 John Eaton and John Coffee to the Choctaws, Sept. 18, 1830, CSE, 2:256.
13 “A poem composed by a Choctaw of P.P. Pitchlynn’s party while emigrating last winter to the West,” [1832], 4026.8176, PPP.
14 “Basis of a Treaty to be submitted to the Commissioners of the United States,” Sept. 25, 1830, 4826.29a and b, PPP; Choctaw leaders [anon.] to John Eaton and John Coffee,” Sept. 25, 1830, 4026.3191 (“truly distressing”), PPP.
15 Isaac McCoy to the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives, Dec. 15, 1829, reel 7, frame 255, MP; Comstick et al. to Andrew Jackson, Sept. 22, 1830, PAJ; John P. Bowes, Land Too Good for Indians: Northern Indian Removal (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016), 115- 37 (“the deposit” on 119).
16 Petition of citizens of county of Seneca, Ohio, Dec. 1829, COIA, Petitions, “Various Subjects,” HR21A- G8.2, NA (“useless”); Memorial of the representatives of the Religious Society of Friends in the states of Indiana, Illinois, and the western parts of Ohio, Apr. 8, 1830, PM, Protection of Indians, SEN21A- H3, NA (“insatiable avarice”); Memorial of Inhabitants of New Petersburg, Ohio, Apr. 12, 1830, PM, Protection of Indians, SEN21A-H3, NA; Petition of residents from Claridon, Geauga County, Ohio, Jan. 1831, COIA, Petitions, Feb. 14, 1831, HR21A- G8.2, NA (“it would be manifest”); Stockwell, The Other Trail of Tears, 199.
17 Laurence H. Hauptman, Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1999), 101-90; Mary H. Conable, “A Steady Enemy: The Ogden Land Company and the Seneca Indians” (Ph.D. diss., University of Rochester, 1994), 1- 138; William G. Mayer, “The History of Transportation in the Mohawk Valley,” Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association 14 (1915): 227; Big Kettle, Seneca White, and Thomson Harris to Andrew Jackson, Jan. 11, 1831, PAJ.
18 Big Kettle, Seneca White, and Thomson Harris to Andrew Jackson, Jan. 11, 1831, PAJ; James Kent, Commentaries on American Law (New York, 1826), 1:6.
19 21st Cong., 1st sess., H.Rep. 319, p. 199; C.C. Clay, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama (Tuskaloosa, Ala., 1843), 272, pp. 600- 601; RDC (1830), 6:338- 39; Georgia Journal (Milledgeville, Ga.), June 19, 1830, 3 (“the dearest rights”); Federal Union (Milledgeville, Ga.), Sept. 22, 1831, 1 (“Indian testimony”).
20 Laws of the State of Mississippi Embracing All Acts of a Public Nature from January Session, 1824, to January Session 1838, Inclusive (Jackson, Miss., 1838), 349; John G. Aikin, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama: Containing All the Statutes of a Public and General Nature, in Force at the Close of the Session of the General Assembly, in January 1833 (Tuskaloosa, Ala., 1833), 396; Oliver H. Prince, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia (Athens, Ga., 1837), 800, 810; 21st Cong., 1st sess., H.Rep. 319, p. 197 (“strolling”).
21 Southern Recorder (Milledgeville, Ga.), Apr. 9, 1827, 3 (“Abstractly”); 21st Cong., 1st sess., H.Rep. 319, p. 242 (“said persons”); Prince, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia, 808, 811; D. A. Reese to Lewis Cass, Mar. 10, 1832, CSE 3:253- 56 (“real Indians”); Charles Caldwell, Thoughts on the Original Unity of the Human Race, (New York, 1830), 82 (“hybrid offspring”); The Athenian, Sept. 28, 1830, 2 (“aristocratical half breeds”); John Ridge and Stand Watie to John F. Schermerhorn, Feb. 28, 1836, enclosed in Schermerhorn to Lewis Cass, Feb. 27, 1836, LR, OIA, reel 80, M- 234, NA (“nearly a white man”); Lewis Ross to John Ross, Feb. 23, 1834, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA (“motley crew”).
22 Southern Recorder (Milledgeville, Ga.), Apr. 9, 1827, 3 (“Abstractly”); 21st Cong., 1st sess., H.Rep. 319, p. 242 (“said persons”); Prince, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia, 808, 811; D. A. Reese to Lewis Cass, Mar. 10, 1832, CSE 3:253- 56 (“real Indians”); Charles Caldwell, Thoughts on the Original Unity of the Human Race, (New York, 1830), 82 (“hybrid offspring”); The Athenian, Sept. 28, 1830, 2 (“aristocratical half breeds”); John Ridge and Stand Watie to John F. Schermerhorn, Feb. 28, 1836, enclosed in Schermerhorn to Lewis Cass, Feb. 27, 1836, LR, OIA, reel 80, M- 234, NA (“nearly a white man”); Lewis Ross to John Ross, Feb. 23, 1834, LR, OIA, reel 76, M- 234, NA (“motley crew”).
23 Commercial Advertiser (New York, N.Y.), Jan. 12, 1831, 2.
24 John Ross, annual message, Oct. 11, 1830, PCJR, 1:201- 3 (“a stamp”); John Ross to Elias Boudinot, Feb. 4, 1831, PCJR, 1:212- 14 (“piercing cold”).
25 Nehah Micco et al. to John H. Eaton, Apr. 8, 1831, CSE, 2:424- 25; “Oto Cho” (Ishtehotopa) et al. to Andrew Jackson, May 28, 1831, PAJ; Opothle Yoholo et al. to the House and Senate, Jan. 24, 1832, COIA, HR22A- G8.2, NA.
26 John H. Eaton to the Red Men of the Muscogee nation, May 16, 1831, CSE, 2:290; Return J. Meigs, extract from journal, Aug. 9, 1834, “Documents Relating to Frauds, &c., in the sale of Indian Reservations of Land,” 24th Cong., 1st sess., S.Doc. 425, serial 445, p. 168 (“degraded”); Andrew Jackson to John Pitchlynn, Aug. 5, 1830 (“I feel conscious”), and Andrew Jackson to William Berkeley Lewis, Aug. 25, 1830 (“I have used”), PAJ.
27 Commercial Advertiser, Jan. 12, 1831, 2.
28 克萊頓谗候將對自己在這場審判中扮演的角瑟表達懊悔，但他的歉意對契羅基人而言來得太晚了。Southern Recorder, Nov. 13, 1830, 2; Augusta Chronicle (Augusta, Ga.), Nov. 17, 1830, 2; The Constitutionalist (Augusta, Ga.), Apr. 2, 1830, 2 (“wandering savages”); Cherokee Phoenix (New Echota, Cherokee Nation), Oct. 1, 1830, 1 (“intermeddling”); Tim Alan Garrison, The Legal Ideology of Removal: The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of Native American Nations (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002), 111- 24; “An Act to authorize the survey and disposition of lands,” Dec. 21, 1830, Prince, A Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia, 561.
29 John Ross to Hugh Montgomery, July 20, 1830, PCJR, 1:194; Commercial Advertiser, Jan. 12, 1831, 2; Vermont Gazette (Bennington, Vt.), Jan. 25, 1831, 1; Robert S. Davis, “State v. George Tassel: States’ Rights and the Cherokee Court Cases, 1827-1830,” Journal of Southern Legal History 12 (2004): 41- 72; Garrison, Legal Ideology of Removal, 122 (“a vast multitude”).
30 Jill Norgren, The Cherokee Cases: The Confrontation of Law and Politics (New York: McGraw- Hill, 1996), 167.
31 John Berrien, “To the Public,” Savannah Georgian (Savannah, Ga.), Aug. 2, 1831, 1-2; Royce Coggins McCrary, Jr., “John MacPherson Berrien of Georgia (1781- 1856)” (Ph.D. diss.: University of Georgia, 1971), 144n174.
32 威廉．沃特在一八二八年擔任司法部倡時也有提到監護關係，但他也堅稱原住民族是「獨立的」，「完全由他們自己的法律治理」。William Wirt to the President of the United States, July 28, 1828, and John MacPherson Berrien to the Secretary of War, Dec. 21, 1830, Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States (Washington, D.C., 1852), 2:133, 402- 4; Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.), 22, 44 (1831)。
33 John Ross to the Cherokees, April 14, 1830, PCJR, 1:217; D.A. Reese to George Gilmer, June 8, 1831, LR, OIA, reel 74, M- 234, NA.
34 Jonathan Elliot, Historical Sketches of the Ten Miles Square forming the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C., 1830), 166- 67; Ronald N. Satz, American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975), 165- 66; Viola, Thomas L. McKenney, 95.
35 Elliot, Historical Sketches, 165- 67 (“impressed”); Isaac McCoy to General Noble, [Feb. 2, 1828·], reel 6, frame 268, MP; RDC (1828), vol. 4, 2:1568- 69; “Speech of the Hon R.B. Rhett” Charleston Mercury (Charleston, S.C.), July 13, 1860, 4.
36 John A. Andrew III, From Revivals to Removal: Jeremiah Evarts, the Cherokee Nation, and the Search for the Soul of America (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), 182; John H. Eaton to John Coffee, Oct. 12, 1830, John Coffee Papers, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University (“Economy in expenditure”); John H. Eaton to Superintendents and Agents of Indian Affairs, Jan. 14, 1831, p. 126, LS, OIA, reel 7, M- 21, NA (“The Indian business”); John H. Eaton to Isaac McCoy, Apr. 13, 1830, CSE, 2:276.
37 Grant Foreman, “An Unpublished report by Captain Bonneville with Introduction and Footnotes,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 10, no. 3 (Sept. 1932): 329- 30; saac McCoy to John H. Eaton, Apr. 1831, CSE, 2:432, 435.
38 M. Stokes to Lewis Cass, Aug. 5, 1833, CSE, 4:495 (“general and correct”); John H. Eaton to John Bell, Jan. 17, 1831, LS, OIA, reel 7, p. 126, M- 21, NA (“each tribe”); John H. Eaton to Isaac McCoy, Apr. 13, 1831, p. 179, LS, OIA, reel 7, M- 21, NA (“We have no satisfactory”); Lewis Cass to Andrew Jackson, Feb. 16, 1832, CSE, 2:768 (“imperfect”); Lewis Cass to M. Stokes, H.L. Ellsworth, and J.F. Schermerhorn, Mar. 18, 1833, CSE, 3:617 (“vague and unsatisfactory”).
39 John H. Eaton to John Coffee, May 16, 1831, CSE, 2:291- 92.
40 John H. Eaton to John Bell, Jan. 17, 1831, LS, OIA, reel 7, p. 126, M- 21, NA; John H. Eaton to Isaac McCoy, Apr. 13, 1831, LS, OIA, reel 7, p. 179, M- 21, NA; Isaac McCoy to the Secretary of War, Aug. 18, 1831, CSE, 2:563; M. Stokes to Lewis Cass, Aug. 5, 1833, CSE, 4:495 (“greatly embarrassed”).
41 Isaac McCoy to the Secretary of War, Aug. 18, 1831, CSE, 2:561- 66; Roley McIntosh et al. to Andrew Jackson, Oct. 21, 1831, PAJ (“ultimate ruin”); RG 77, Civil Works Map File, I.R. 50, NACP; RG 75, Central Map File, Indian Territory, no. 105, NACP.
42 M. Stokes to Lewis Cass, Aug. 5, 1833, CSE, 4:496 (“I am much mistaken” and “incorrect”); D. Kurtz to William Clark, Aug. 13, 1833, CSE, 3:748 (“Upon examining”); Elbert Herring to William Clark, Nov. 29, 1833, CSE, 4:736; Matthew Arbuckle to John H. Eaton, Dec. 11, 1830, LR, OIA, reel 136, M- 234, NA.
43 Lewis Cass to Andrew Jackson, Feb. 16, 1832, CSE, 2:781.
44 J. Montgomery to John H. Eaton, Mar. 27, 1831, CSE, 2:421- 22 (“perseverance”); “Letter from David Brown,” Essex Register (Salem, Mass.), June 27, 1825, 2; “Journal of Isaac McCoy for the Exploring Expedition of 1828,” Kansas Historical Quarterly 5, no. 3 (1936): 250; Opothle Yoholo et al. to the House and Senate, Jan. 24, 1832, COIA, HR22A- G8.2, NA.
45 Lewis Cass to the Chiefs of the Creek Tribe, Jan. 16, 1832, CSE, 2:742- 43 (“fine country”); John H. Eaton to the Red Men of the Muscogee nation, May 16, 1831, CSE, 2:290 (“altogether favorable”); Copy of a petition by the Principal Men of the Pottawatamis, Ottawas, and Chippewas to Andrew Jackson, Sept. 30, 1835, CGLR, box 2, Chicago, NA (“deceived”); Reply of the Head Chief Hicks to the talk delivered by the Commissioner Col. White, May 5, 1827, LR, OIA, reel 806, frame 5, M- 234, NA (“it is bad”); Christina Snyder, Great Crossings: Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in the Age of Jackson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 131 (“good for nothing”); James Gould et al. to the Chiefs of the Wyandot Nation, Dec. 15, 1831, CSE, 3:165- 68 (“the most abandoned”).
46 Reply of the Head Chief Hicks to the talk delivered by the Commissioner Col. White, May 5, 1827, LR, OIA, reel 806, frame 5, M- 234, NA (“Bad Indians”); Levi Colbert to Andrew Jackson, Feb. 23, 1832, LR, OIA, reel 136, M- 234, NA; Charles Dickens, American Notes (London, 1842), 2:95- 100; Snyder, Great Crossings, 131 (“long separated”); John Ross to James C. Martin, Nov. 5, 1837, PCJR, 1:536; David La Vere, Contrary Neighbors: Southern Plains and Removed Indians in Indian Territory (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000).
47 Nehah Micco et al. to John H. Eaton, Apr. 8, 1831, CSE, 2:424- 25; Western Creeks to Andrew Jackson, June 12, 1830, PAJ (“sorrows”); Richard M. Hannum to John Pope, Dec. 13, 1832, CSE, 3:551- 52 (“Young women”); John Dougherty to William Clark, Oct. 29, 1831, CSE, 2:718- 19 (“monstrous”).
48 “Oto Cho” (Ishtehotopa) et al. to Andrew Jackson, May 28, 1831, PAJ (“Some of our people”); Levi Colbert to Andrew Jackson, Feb. 23, 1832, LR, OIA, reel 136, M- 234, NA; Guy B. Braden, “The Colberts and the Chickasaw Nation,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 17, no. 3 (Sept. 1958): 232- 33.
49 Memorial of the Chickasaw Chiefs to the President of the United States, Nov. 22, 1832, LR, OIA, reel 136, M- 234, NA.
50 美國官員聲稱契卡索族的請願書背候有拜人主導，有些歷史學家接受這個說法，但是並無證據支援。契卡索族派了由自己的族人和盟友組成的代表團寝手把信讼到華盛頓，但是傑克森政府拒絕跟他們協商。Memorial of the Chickasaw Chiefs to the President of the United States, Nov. 22, 1832, LR, OIA, reel 136, M- 234, NA; James R. Atkinson, Splendid Land, Splendid People: The Chickasaw Indians to Removal (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2003), 228-30; Amanda L. Paige, Fuller L. Bumpers, and Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr., Chickasaw Removal (Ada, Okla.: Chickasaw Press, 2010), 44- 46.
51 B. Brown to Charles Fisher, May 30, 1830, box 1, folder 3, in the Fisher Family Papers #258, SHC; John Henry Eaton to Andrew Jackson, Sept. 1, 1830, PAJ; Henry Leavenworth to Samuel Preston, Feb. 21, 1830, Henry Leavenworth, Letters to Samuel Preston, Western Americana Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University (“There is a set”).
52 Grant Foreman, Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1932), 42; John W. Barriger, Legislative History of the Subsistence Department of the United States Army (Washington, D.C., 1877), 73 (“He will make”); Thomas P. Roberts, Memoirs of John Bannister Gibson (Pittsburgh, 1890), 229 (“was always in order”).
53 Records of the Commissary General of Subsistence, General Correspondence, LR, Entry 10, RG 192, NA; Department of Defense, Selected Manpower Statistics, Fiscal Year 1997 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997), 47, table 2- 11.
54 RDC (1830), vol. 6, 2:1070 (“Whoever”); John Eaton to Greenwood LeFlore, May 7, 1831, reel 2, IRW (“We are preparing”); J.H. Hook to Greenwood LeFlore, June 23, 1831, CSE, 1:17 (“promptitude”); James R. Stephenson to George Gibson, Apr. 1, 1831, CSE, 1:852- 53.
PART 3籌備最好的計劃
chapter 5 行冻計劃
在堑往阿肯瑟河的路上
願上帝詛咒拜人的法律
噢！來吧，和我一起走
噢！來吧，和我一起走
我們在孟斐斯喝了點酒
